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Maps and Cartography in Apollonius' Argonautica

Any attempt to recreate the map of the Argonautic voyage must confront the complex and rich nature of the Apollonian text. Just as the Argonauts venture into remote and sometimes unexplored territories on their way to and from Colchis, so do the readers of the Argonautica journey through a multitude of peoples and places. But, just as we analyze the text to trace the path of the Argo, the heroes themselves are exploring two routes: the route from Greece to Colchis across the Bosphorus and the Black Sea, and the return voyage from east to west through Eastern Europe, Italy, the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, Libya, the Cretan Sea, and finally the Aegean Sea. Rumor has it that nobody has ever successfully sailed through the Symplegades, two movable rocks that clash incessantly against one another, impeding the passage through the Bosphorus Strait. The Argo is the first ship to do so. Such a heroic achievement wouldn’t have been possible without the help of Phineus, the elder Thracian prophet, who guides the Argonauts on how to survive the voyage through the Symplegades.

Rustic Wooden Surface

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The old man himself sat in their midst by the hearth, and told them about the paths they must sail and how to accomplish the journey: "Listen to me now. It is not permitted by the gods that you should know everything accurately, but what they wish you to know, I shall not conceal from you. [...]

When you depart from me, you will first see the Dark Rocks, two of them, where the sea narrows. I tell you that no one has ever succeeded in passing through them. They arc not firmly fixed with deep roots, but clash together constantly, and above them a great mass of sea-water seethes and boils, while all around the rocky shore resounds with a harsh roaring. Therefore follow my advice, if indeed you are travelling with prudence and respect for the blessed gods. Do not thoughtlessly rush on in the enthusiasm of youth to bring death upon yourselves. I bid you first of all let a dove fly far from the ship to test the way as a sign. If on her wings she passes safely through these rocks and reaches the Pontos, then hold back no longer from making the journey yourselves. Grasp the oars in the strong grip of your hands and cut through the narrow channel of the sea, since success will depend not so much on your prayers as on the strength of your arms. Abandon all other concerns and exert yourselves to the utmost, and with confidence. Up until this point I do not forbid you from calling upon the gods."

transl. Hunter (1993)

Ap. Arg. 2.309-36

αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἐν μέσσοισι παρ᾽ ἐσχάρῃ ἧστο γεραιὸς
πείρατα ναυτιλίης ἐνέπων ἄνυσίν τε κελεύθου: 
‘κλῦτέ νυν. οὐ μὲν πάντα πέλει θέμις ὔμμι δαῆναι
ἀτρεκές: ὅσσα δ᾽ ὄρωρε θεοῖς φίλον, οὐκ ἐπικεύσω.
[...]
πέτρας μὲν πάμπρωτον, ἀφορμηθέντες ἐμεῖο,
Κυανέας ὄψεσθε δύω ἁλὸς ἐν ξυνοχῇσιν,
τάων οὔτινά φημι διαμπερὲς ἐξαλέασθαι.
οὐ γάρ τε ῥίζῃσιν ἐρήρεινται νεάτῃσιν, 
ἀλλὰ θαμὰ ξυνίασιν ἐναντίαι ἀλλήλῃσιν
εἰς ἕν
, ὕπερθε δὲ πολλὸν ἁλὸς κορθύεται ὕδωρ
βρασσόμενον: στρηνὲς δὲ περὶ στυφελῇ βρέμει ἀκτῇ.
τῶ νῦν ἡμετέρῃσι παραιφασίῃσι πίθεσθε,
εἰ ἐτεὸν πυκινῷ τε νόῳ μακάρων τ᾽ ἀλέγοντες 
πείρετε
: μηδ᾽ αὔτως αὐτάγρετον οἶτον ὄλησθε
ἀφραδέως, ἢ θύνετ᾽ ἐπισπόμενοι νεότητι.
οἰωνῷ δή πρόσθε πελειάδι πειρήσασθαι
νηὸς ἄπο προμεθέντες ἐφιέμεν. ἢν δὲ δι᾽ αὐτῶν
πετράων πόντονδε σόη πτερύγεσσι δίηται, 
μηκέτι δὴν μηδ᾽ αὐτοὶ ἐρητύεσθε κελεύθου,
ἀλλ᾽ εὖ καρτύναντες ἑαῖς ἐνὶ χερσὶν ἐρετμὰ
τέμνεθ᾽ ἁλὸς στεινωπόν: ἐπεὶ φάος οὔ νύ τι τόσσον
ἔσσετ᾽ ἐν εὐχωλῇσιν, ὅσον τ᾽ ἐνὶ κάρτεϊ χειρῶν.
τῶ καὶ τἆλλα μεθέντες ὀνήιστον πονέεσθαι 
θαρσαλέως: πρὶν δ᾽ οὔτι θεοὺς λίσσεσθαι ἐρύκω.


310

 


 

 

 


320
 

 

 


325
 

 

 


330
 

 

 


335

click on the apple for textual notes and commentary

Thanks to Phineus' advice—and Athena’s intervention, who shoves the ship forward to prevent the current from pulling it back between the deadly rocks—the Argonauts sail through the Rocks unscathed.

fearsome narrow strait passage between two monumental rocks .jpg

Phineus also instructs the heroes on how to reach Colchis from there, advising them on which dangers to avoid or where to find additional help along the way. As Phineus speaks, an ideal map of the journey from the Thracian coast to Colchis begins to take form. Then, the Argo sets out on the voyage again, sailing along the route charted by the prophet. The reader experiences the journey twice: first, in the ideal space of Phineus’ mind, and second, as the heroes physically travel through that space.

image.png

Arrian's view of the Black Sea in H. Chotard, Le périple de la mer Noire, par Arrien, 1821.

But the Argonauts learn from Phineus that they will not return to Greece by the same route they took to reach Colchis. The way back remains a mystery until Book 4, when Argos, Medea's cousin and an ally of the Argonauts, reveals the existence of an "alternative path." After they leave behind Colchis with Medea and the fleece, the Argonauts must escape from the Colchians in their pursuit, who want to retrieve their princess and bring her home. As they make a stop on the Paphlagonian shore, Argos points out a way out to the Argonauts:

275
 

 

 


280


 

 

 

260

 

 

 

265
 

 

 


270

275

280

Argos, however, responded to their need: "Our destination was Orchomenos, by the route which that truthful prophet whom you recently encountered warned you to travel. For there is another way for ships, which the priests of the immortals who were born of Thebe, daughter of Triton, discovered. Not yet did all the constellations whirl around the heaven, not yet could enquirers learn of the sacred race of the Danaans. Only the Apidanean Arkadians existed, Arkadians, who are said to have lived even before the moon, eating acorns in the mountains. At that time the Pelasgian land was not ruled over by the glorious descendants of Deukalion; Egypt, mother of the men of earlier times, was called Eeria, rich in crops, and Triton was the name of the broad-flowing river by which the whole of Eeria is watered—as heavy rain from Zeus never drenches it—and whose streams cause crops to shoot up in the fields. The story is that a man set out from there to travel through the whole of Europe and Asia, trusting in the might, strength, and boldness of his armies. In the course of his progress he founded numberless cities, some of which are still inhabited, and some not, for long ages have passed since then. Aia at least remains intact even to this day, together with the descendants of those men whom this conquerer settled in Aia. Moreover, they preserve writings of their ancestors, pillars on which are shown all the paths and boundaries of the sea and the land for those who arc going to travel in a circuit."   

transl. Hunter (1993)

Ap. Arg. 4.256-81

Ἄργος δὲ λιλαιομένοις ἀγόρευσεν:
‘Νισσόμεθ᾽ Ὀρχομενὸν τὴν ἔχραεν ὔμμι περῆσαι
νημερτὴς ὅδε μάντις, ὅτῳ ξυνέβητε πάροιθεν.

ἔστιν γὰρ πλόος ἄλλος, ὃν ἀθανάτων ἱερῆες
πέφραδον, οἳ Θήβης Τριτωνίδος ἐκγεγάασιν.

οὔπω τείρεα πάντα, τά τ᾽ οὐρανῷ εἱλίσσονται,
οὐδέ τί πω Δαναῶν ἱερὸν γένος ἦεν ἀκοῦσαι
πευθομένοις: οἶοι δ᾽ ἔσαν Ἀρκάδες Ἀπιδανῆες,
Ἀρκάδες, οἳ καὶ πρόσθε σεληναίης ὑδέονται
ζώειν, φηγὸν ἔδοντες ἐν οὔρεσιν. οὐδὲ Πελασγὶς
χθὼν τότε κυδαλίμοισιν ἀνάσσετο Δευκαλίδῃσιν,

ἦμος ὅτ᾽ Ἠερίη πολυλήιος ἐκλήιστο,
μήτηρ Αἴγυπτος προτερηγενέων αἰζηῶν
,
καὶ ποταμὸς Τρίτων ἠύρροος, ᾧ ὕπο πᾶσα
ἄρδεται Ἠερίη: Διόθεν δέ μιν οὔποτε δεύει
ὄμβρος: ἅλις προχοῇσι δ᾽ ἀνασταχύουσιν ἄρουραι.

ἔνθεν δή τινά φασι πέριξ διὰ πᾶσαν ὁδεῦσαι

Εὐρώπην Ἀσίην τε βίῃ καὶ κάρτεϊ λαῶν

σφωιτέρων θάρσει τε πεποιθότα: μυρία δ᾽ ἄστη

νάσσατ᾽ ἐποιχόμενος, τὰ μὲν ἤ ποθι ναιετάουσιν,

ἠὲ καὶ οὔ: πουλὺς γὰρ ἄδην ἐπενήνοθεν αἰών.

αἶά γε μὴν ἔτι νῦν μένει ἔμπεδον υἱωνοί τε

τῶνδ᾽ ἀνδρῶν, οὓς ὅσγε καθίσσατο ναιέμεν Αἶαν,

οἳ δή τοι γραπτῦς πατέρων ἕθεν εἰρύονται,

κύρβιας, οἷς ἔνι πᾶσαι ὁδοὶ καὶ πείρατ᾽ ἔασιν

ὑγρῆς τε τραφερῆς τε πέριξ ἐπινισσομένοισιν.

Through Argos’ account, Apollonius recalls the tradition that the Colchian capital, Aia, was founded by Egyptian settlers and inherited Egyptian customs and knowledge. Specifically, Argos knows of an alternative sailing route from Colchis to the Mediterranean Sea that ancient Egyptian priests from Thebes are said to have discovered. The knowledge of this path reached Colchis thanks to the first Egyptian settlers, who engraved it on a rock using what Apollonius calls the graptus paterōn, “writings, or graffiti, of their forefathers”. But, since the settlers came from Egypt in ancient times, the “writing of their forefathers” would have been ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs!

The Colchian-Egyptian map described by Argos is the only map in the Argonautica. Argos, who is Greek from his father's side and Colchian from his mother's, can read it in the original language and translate it for the Greek heroes. The map guides the Argonauts through the Black Sea and across Europe along the course of the Istros River (Danube). By navigating the network of rivers and tributaries, the Argo reaches the Adriatic Sea. At this point, the heroes could have gone straight home if it weren't for a series of unfortunate (or rather catastrophic) events that even Argos' extraordinary map couldn't help them avoid. Jason and Medea brutally kill Apsyrtus, Medea's brother and Aeetes' heir, who chased after the heroes with his soldiers to reclaim her sister back. Because of Jason and Medea’s impiety, Zeus causes the Argo to stray from its charted path and commands Medea and Jason to seek purification to atone for their crimes. The heroes are forced to enter the delta of the Eridanus River (Po River in northern Italy) and detour through the territory of the fierce Celtic tribes before sailing again into the Tyrrhenian Sea.

At this point, the Argo's voyage continues south along the Italian peninsula until they reach Aiaia, the island of Circe, Aeetes' sister and Medea's aunt. The sorceress performs a purification ritual for Medea and Jason but warns them that they will not escape the wrath of the Colchian king. Circe's prediction becomes true when the Argonauts are wiped out by a storm and washed ashore in Libya.

Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus_edite

J.W. Waterhouse, Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses, 1891.

Stranded in the Libyan desert without water or food, the Argonauts decide to carry the Argo on their shoulders and cross the scorching land to find a way out. While traveling through Libya, they encounter the Libyan Heroines, the Hesperides nymphs, and eventually reach Lake Triton. Yet, even though they found their way back to a source of water, the Argonauts are unsure of how to leave the lake and sail back into the sea. The marine god Triton, a local deity of Libya, comes to their help:

Arg. 4.1546-61

ὧς Ἀργὼ λίμνης στόμα ναύπορον ἐξερέουσα
ἀμφεπόλει δηναιὸν ἐπὶ χρόνον. αὐτίκα δ᾽ Ὀρφεὺς
κέκλετ᾽ Ἀπόλλωνος τρίποδα μέγαν ἔκτοθι νηὸς
δαίμοσιν ἐγγενέταις νόστῳ ἔπι μείλια θέσθαι.
καὶ τοὶ μὲν Φοίβου κτέρας ἵδρυον ἐν χθονὶ βάντες:     1550
τοῖσιν δ᾽ αἰζηῷ ἐναλίγκιος ἀντεβόλησεν
τρίτων εὐρυβίης, γαίης δ᾽ ἀνὰ βῶλον ἀείρας
ξείνι᾽ ἀριστήεσσι προΐσχετο, φώνησέν τε:
‘Δέχθε, φίλοι: ἐπεὶ οὐ περιώσιον ἐγγυαλίξαι
ἐνθάδε νῦν πάρ᾽ ἐμοὶ ξεινήιον ἀντομένοισιν.                 1555
εἰ δέ τι τῆσδε πόρους μαίεσθ᾽ ἁλός, οἷά τε πολλὰ
ἄνθρωποι χατέουσιν ἐπ᾽ ἀλλοδαπῇ περόωντες,
ἐξερέω. δὴ γάρ με πατὴρ ἐπιίστορα πόντου
θῆκε Ποσειδάων τοῦδ᾽ ἔμμεναι
. αὐτὰρ ἀνάσσω
παρραλίης, εἰ δή τιν᾽ ἀκούετε νόσφιν ἐόντες                 1560
Εὐρύπυλον Λιβύῃ θηροτρόφῳ ἐγγεγαῶτα.’

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… just so did the Argo long wander as it searched for a navigable channel out of the lake. Finally Orpheus bade them offer up outside the ship the great tripod of Apollo, as a propitiation to the local gods for their return. Therefore they disembarked on to the land and set up Phoibos' gift. Wide-ruling Triton appeared to them in the form of a young man; he picked up a clod from the earth and offered it to them as a gift of friendship, saying: "Receive this, my friends, since I have with me here and now no truly wonderful gift to offer those I meet. If you are searching for the channels into this sea, as men who are travelling in a foreign land often must do, I shall tell you. My father Poseidon has made me knowledgeable about this sea, and I rule over the coast. If, though you come from far away, you have heard of a Eurypylos, born in Libya which nurses wild beasts, then I indeed am he."  

transl. Hunter (1993)

Thanks to Triton's instructions, the Argonauts leave the lake and find their way back to the Mediterranean Sea. Then, after overcoming a few more obstacles on their journey, they complete their nostos and safely return to Greece.

Phineus' geographical tale, Argos' Colchian-Egyptian map, and Triton's divine instructions are three significant ways the Argonauts learn about, understand, and take control of space by eventually traveling through it. These episodes involve different types of knowledge: Phineus' prophetic wisdom, which comes from Apollo; the factual knowledge of Argos, passed down from the early Egyptian settlers of Colchis and ancient Egyptian priests; and the insightful guidance of the marine god Triton, who learned about the sea from his father Poseidon. Divine knowledge often overlaps with human, empirical understanding. Ultimately, it is a group of semi-divine heroes and travelers, the Argonauts, who will chart a new map of the inhabited world (oikoumenē). Apollonius, the scholar-poet of Alexandria, strives to narrate their journey, making the Argonautica a wonderfully human effort that still, even today, somehow exceeds human comprehension.

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